Blockchain and Digital Technologies for Supply Chain Carbon Transparency: A Systematic Review and Future Research Directions

Abstract

Carbon transparency supply chains have become an essential element of the sustainability policy of companies and their approach to climate action on the global level. This paper will focus on how blockchain and digital technologies can be used to increase the visibility of carbon footprint in the complex supply networks. In the case of a systematic review, 145 articles on peer-reviewed journals published in 2013-2024 are analyzed to assess the current situation in digital carbon tracking solutions, challenges in implementation, and new opportunities. We conclude that the blockchain technology, along with the Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, artificial intelligence (AI), and machine learning algorithms, will provide substantial enhancement of carbon data accuracy, traceability, and trust by stakeholders. The study points to three major implementation models, which include centralized platforms, consortium-based networks as well as fully decentralized systems. Among the main obstacles, there is the complexity of the technologies, inconsistencies between the regulations, and the expense factor, whereas the main drivers are the regulatory compliance, demand, and competitive advantage. The paper is relevant to the literature, as it offers a comprehensive model of digital carbon transparency application and suggests future research. Some of the practical implications are practical recommendations to supply chain managers, technology providers, and policymakers aiming to improve carbon visibility, using digital solutions.