Integrated Remote Sensing-Based Framework for Monitoring Volcanic Eruptions and their Impact on Endemic Species in Protected Forest Reserves

Abstract

Volcanic eruptions present a dual threat to ecological stability and biodiversity, especially in protected forest reserves housing vulnerable endemic species. Conventional monitoring methods often focus on geological parameters while neglecting the cascading ecological effects of eruptions on flora and fauna. This review proposes an integrated remote sensing-based framework that combines satellite imagery, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) data, and geographic information systems (GIS) to monitor volcanic activity and assess its spatiotemporal impact on endemic species within conservation zones. The framework employs multi-sensor data fusion, thermal and spectral indices (e.g., NDVI, NBR), and ecological niche modeling to detect habitat degradation, species displacement, and vegetation loss following eruptions. A synthesis of literature highlights the underutilization of advanced geospatial analytics in ecological risk assessment, revealing a critical gap in conservation resilience strategies. By aligning real-time volcanic monitoring with biodiversity conservation, this study emphasizes the need for integrated early-warning systems that not only forecast geophysical hazards but also proactively safeguard ecological integrity. The proposed approach supports data-driven decision-making for conservation managers, emergency responders, and environmental policymakers, ensuring a holistic response to volcanic disturbances in biodiversity hotspots.